Tranexamic Acid: A synthetic derivative of the amino acid lysine, tranexamic acid for skin has been used by physicians to address skin discoloration via topical application. This ingredient has been shown to diminish the appearance of discoloration and improve stubborn brown patches.

Kojic Acid: Naturally produced by certain fungi, kojic acid helps improve the appearance of discoloration and skin brightness.

Niacinamide (Vitamin B3): Also known as vitamin B3, niacinamide is a water-soluble vitamin found naturally in yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans, and cereal grains. Niacinamide in skincare has been shown to strengthen the skin’s moisture barrier and reduce the appearance of discoloration and blotchiness when applied topically.

Sulfonic Acid (HEPES): This synthetically derived acid activates natural enzymes in skin to help break the bonds that bind dead skin cells to the surface for even exfoliation.